57 CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS AND COALITIONS IN LATIN AMERICA INSIST THAT LARGE DAMS ARE NOT CLEAN ENERGY SOURCES AND WE ASK GOVERNMENTS, INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS TO IMPLEMENT REAL SOLUTIONS TO CLIMATE CHANGE

It is time to learn from the past and to implement alternatives appropriate to our time

According to the World Commission on Dams, by the year 2000, fifty thousand dams had already been built, disrupting more than 60% of Earth’s rivers.[1] In Latin America alone, 973 dams of all sizes are operating, and roughly 1,600 more are being built or planned—254 in the Amazon Basin.[2]

Scientific evidence reveals that large dams:

1. emit greenhouse gases, including methane, especially in tropical regions,[3] aggravating climate change, and making adaptation more difficult;
2. cost almost twice their initial budget, causing economic difficulties in the communities and countries where they are implemented;[4]
3. take a long time to become operational, making them an inefficient solution to the urgent energy crisis that they are intended to tackle;[5]
4. may cause great and irreparable environmental damage; and
5. may cause human rights violations and impoverishment of communities if not implemented with appropriate safeguards.

Nevertheless, they continue to be promoted as clean energy sources to meet increasing energy demand.[6]

Why are dams not clean energy sources and why are alternatives needed?

1. Because they contribute to climate change and make adaptation more difficult

Construction and operation of large dams in tropical regions causes emission of CO2 and methane from the large amounts of flooded and retained organic matter in reservoirs. The greenhouse gas effect of methane is between 20 to 40 times more powerful than that of CO2.[7] Dams also destroy large areas of surrounding lands needed to build them.

Dams are not flexible enough to endure climate change. On the contrary, they are inefficient in droughts and unsafe in floods, which aggravates the risk of disasters. Moreover, they threaten communities’ entire hydrologic system, destroying key ecosystems and fisheries, thus compromising communities’ ability to adapt to climate change.

2. Because of the cost overruns, delays and economic damage that they entail

Data show that the final cost of the majority of dams that have been built is 96% greater than their initial budgets. This expense has been linked to the increase of public debt and to economic crisis in several countries.[8]

3. Because they take a long time to become operational, making them an inefficient solution to the urgent energy crisis that they are intended to tackle

Construction of large dams takes approximately 8.6 years, plus time to begin operating,[9] and they operate on average only 50 years.[10] Experts have documented that eight out of every ten dams exceed their initial construction-time estimates by more than 44%.[11] Dams are not an efficient solution to growing and urgent energy demand.

4. Because they may cause great and irreparable environmental damage

Large dams cause environmental damages to rivers, hydrologic basins and surrounding ecosystems, including: worsening water quality in rivers; degradation of aquatic ecosystems and disappearance of many riparian ecosystems; and serious harms to biodiversity, including the extinction of species.[12]

5. Because environmental damage may violate human rights and impoverish communities

The human rights of the people affected by large dams have been systematically unrecognized. Large dams have caused forced displacement;[13] health problems; loss of food sources and traditional ways of life; community impoverishment;[14] and criminalization of social protest. Additionally, permitting processes are generally flawed; permits are issued without  comprehensive environmental or social impact assessments, and without adequate public participation and consultation.

TODAY there are cleaner, more efficient, less costly and faster alternatives to respond to energy demand. Therefore we DEMAND that Governments, international organizations and financial institutions immediately:

1. Stop considering large dams as clean energy sources, given the proved negative impacts mentioned above. These impacts must be considered comprehensively.
2. Incorporate in the planning stage for new dams:
   1. scientific evidence of greenhouse gas emissions, including methane produced by reservoirs;
   2. the instability that climate change causes in the hydrologic regime;
   3. lessons learned regarding costs and real implementation time of large dams;
   4. comprehensive evaluation of environmental and social impacts that will be caused;
   5. an integrated, realistic energy strategy through a Comprehensive Plan for Electric Sector Energy Resources;
3. Make decisions that account for impacts on the environment, human rights and climate change.
4. Implement real energy solutions that prove to be effective, with benefits that outweigh the harms they cause.
5. Adopt inclusive and transparent decision-making processes, taking into account the whole spectrum of energy alternatives.

Abogadas y Abogados para la Justicia y los Derechos Humanos, A.C., México

Alianza de Comunidades y Usuarios en Defensa del Río Biobos-Nautla, México

Alianza para la Conservación y el Desarrollo (ACD), Panamá

Amazon Watch, Estados Unidos

Amazónicos por la Amazonía (AMPA), Perú

Amigos del Río San Rodrigo, México

Asamblea Veracruzana de Iniciativas y Defensa Ambiental (LAVIDA), México

Asociación Ambiente y Sociedad, Colombia

Asociación Amigos de los Parques Nacionales (AAPN), Argentina

Asociación Ceiba, Guatemala

Asociación de Ecología Social (AESO), Costa Rica

Asociación Interamericana para la Defensa del Ambiente (AIDA), Regional

Asociación Palmareña para la Recuperación del Ambiente (APRA), Costa Rica

Asociación Peruana para la Conservación de la Naturaleza, Perú

Asociación Pro Derechos Humanos (APRODEH), Perú

Asociación Proyectos Alternativos para Desarrollo Social (PROAL), Costa Rica

Bloque Verde, Costa Rica

Centro de Desarrollo Étnico (CEDET), Perú

Centro de Documentación en Derechos Humanos “Segundo Montes Mozo S.J.” (CSMM), Ecuador

Centro de Estudios para la Justicia Social "Tierra Digna", Colombia

Centro de Promoción y Defensa de Derechos Humanos Arequipa (CEPRODEH), Perú

Centro Humboldt, Nicaragua

Centro Mexicano de Derecho Ambiental, A.C. (CEMDA), México

Centro para la Sostenibilidad Ambiental de la Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (CSA-UPCH), Perú

Colectivo Defensa Verde Naturaleza para Siempre, México

Comisión de Derechos Humanos de Ica, Perú

Comisión Ecuménica de Derechos Humanos (CEDHU), Ecuador

Comité por los Derechos en América Latina (CEDHAL), Canadá

Consejo de Ejidos y Comunidades Opositores a la Presa La Parota  (CECOP), México

Coordinadora de Afectados por Embalses y Trasvases (COAGRET), España

Coordinadora Nacional de Derechos Humanos, Perú

Derechos Humanos y Medio Ambiente, Perú

Ecologia E Ação (ECOA), Brasil

Federación Ecologista de Costa Rica (FECON), Costa Rica

Finca Amalur, Costa Rica

Fiscalía del Medio Ambiente (FIMA), Chile

Foro Ciudadano de Participación por la Justicia y los Derechos Humanos (FORO), Argentina

Fórum Solidaridad Perú, Perú

Fundación Centro de Derechos Humanos y Ambiente (CEDHA), Argentina

Fundación Ecuménica para el Desarrollo y la Paz (FEDEPAZ), Perú

Fundación GaiaPacha, Bolivia

Fundación POPOL NA, Nicaragua

Fundar, México

Grupo Ecologista Cuña Pirú, Argentina

Instituto Madeira Vivo (IMV), Brasil

International Rivers, Estados Unidos

JASS, Asociadas por lo Justo, México

Justicia para la Naturaleza, Costa Rica 

María Esperanza Alonso, especialista de Derecho Ambiental, Argentina

Movimiento Ciudadano frente al Cambio Climático (MOCICC), Perú

Oilwatch Mesoamérica, Costa Rica

Plataforma Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, Democracia y Desarrollo (PIDHDD Regional), Ecuador

Programa Chile Sustentable, Chile

Pueblos Unidos de la Cuenca Antigua por los Ríos Libres, México

Red Jurídica Amazónica (RAMA), Bolivia

Sociedad Peruana de Derecho Ambiental (SPDA), Perú

Unión Norte por la Vida, Costa Rica

For more information:

AIDA on dams: http://www.aida-americas.org/es/project/grandesrepresas

International Rivers: http://www.internationalrivers.org/

Report: Grandes Represas en América: ¿Peor el Remedio que la Enfermedad?

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